1 00:00:09,799 --> 00:00:07,309 hello everybody and welcome to this 2 00:00:11,660 --> 00:00:09,809 week's Hubbell hangout my name is Tony 3 00:00:13,459 --> 00:00:11,670 Darnell I work at the Space Telescope 4 00:00:16,039 --> 00:00:13,469 Science Center and this week we've got a 5 00:00:17,540 --> 00:00:16,049 really interesting hangout plan we're 6 00:00:20,269 --> 00:00:17,550 going to be talking about frontier 7 00:00:23,599 --> 00:00:20,279 fields data gravitational lensing and 8 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:23,609 distant galaxies and so we're gonna be 9 00:00:26,839 --> 00:00:25,410 when we've got some scientists here with 10 00:00:28,609 --> 00:00:26,849 us who are some astronomers who've been 11 00:00:31,189 --> 00:00:28,619 using this Hubble data and have made an 12 00:00:33,950 --> 00:00:31,199 interesting discovery which we will talk 13 00:00:36,950 --> 00:00:33,960 about at length in just a bit but before 14 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:36,960 I get started I'm gonna let Scott Lewis 15 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:39,410 my cohort here he's driving the internet 16 00:00:44,209 --> 00:00:42,930 easily Archie we would we hope that 17 00:00:45,319 --> 00:00:44,219 during the course of this hangout you 18 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:45,329 will give us your comments and questions 19 00:00:50,540 --> 00:00:47,610 and Scott please tell them how they may 20 00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:50,550 do that all over the place first of all 21 00:00:57,279 --> 00:00:53,430 Tony you work at the Space Telescope 22 00:01:00,709 --> 00:00:57,289 Science Institute not Science Center Oh 23 00:01:03,009 --> 00:01:00,719 yesterday but if you just clarifying 24 00:01:05,149 --> 00:01:03,019 that for you all right 25 00:01:07,250 --> 00:01:05,159 most likely you're watching this on 26 00:01:09,590 --> 00:01:07,260 youtube right now so in the bottom left 27 00:01:12,320 --> 00:01:09,600 you'll see in some yellow text there 28 00:01:15,050 --> 00:01:12,330 that allow you to open up a Q&A app you 29 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:15,060 can actually ask those questions live so 30 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:16,650 we'll be able to select them as we go in 31 00:01:20,320 --> 00:01:19,170 and Carols here which are there even 32 00:01:24,499 --> 00:01:20,330 better 33 00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:24,509 it also uses on Google s and you can 34 00:01:28,210 --> 00:01:26,310 leave us comments and questions on the 35 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:28,220 event page and the regular YouTube and 36 00:01:34,580 --> 00:01:30,930 on top of it all if you were on Twitter 37 00:01:36,050 --> 00:01:34,590 use the Hubble hangout hashtag I'll be 38 00:01:38,300 --> 00:01:36,060 monitoring that and tweeting things up 39 00:01:40,609 --> 00:01:38,310 as Hubble telescope with some of the 40 00:01:43,460 --> 00:01:40,619 awesome pictures and updates as we're 41 00:01:46,639 --> 00:01:43,470 going along that is known as a plethora 42 00:01:49,429 --> 00:01:46,649 of ways to interact in us throw so 43 00:01:52,490 --> 00:01:49,439 believable cornucopia of information was 44 00:01:55,580 --> 00:01:52,500 just convinced it was all over the place 45 00:01:58,190 --> 00:01:55,590 oh and just joining us is also a regular 46 00:01:59,450 --> 00:01:58,200 with is dr. Carol Christian she's the 47 00:02:01,639 --> 00:01:59,460 outreach scientist for the Hubble Space 48 00:02:05,719 --> 00:02:01,649 Telescope almost we were worried about 49 00:02:07,910 --> 00:02:05,729 you Carol welcome thanks just I'm not in 50 00:02:09,830 --> 00:02:07,920 charge of the internet Scott is so yeah 51 00:02:11,780 --> 00:02:09,840 I know he drives that he drives that 52 00:02:15,089 --> 00:02:11,790 thing so I don't know what what he was 53 00:02:20,619 --> 00:02:17,110 okay before we get started I want to 54 00:02:23,259 --> 00:02:20,629 give a quick shout out to a staff member 55 00:02:26,589 --> 00:02:23,269 a colleague at the Institute not the 56 00:02:28,660 --> 00:02:26,599 center dr. Jason calorie who has made an 57 00:02:31,180 --> 00:02:28,670 academic minute back in July that was 58 00:02:33,550 --> 00:02:31,190 all about exoplanets and it turns out 59 00:02:35,410 --> 00:02:33,560 his it's an audio it's an audio podcast 60 00:02:37,660 --> 00:02:35,420 little thingy and it was on it's on 61 00:02:40,780 --> 00:02:37,670 academic minute org and there is a link 62 00:02:42,550 --> 00:02:40,790 in the event description box which will 63 00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:42,560 which if you click on it you can show 64 00:02:45,789 --> 00:02:44,150 your support because he's up for a 65 00:02:47,530 --> 00:02:45,799 listeners Choice Award so we're like 66 00:02:49,809 --> 00:02:47,540 we'd like you to show your support if 67 00:02:52,569 --> 00:02:49,819 you would think it is a good enough 68 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:52,579 podcast and vote for dr. Jason calorie 69 00:02:57,910 --> 00:02:56,090 so I would appreciate that okay so let's 70 00:03:00,850 --> 00:02:57,920 get started with today's hangout distant 71 00:03:03,009 --> 00:03:00,860 galaxies and frontier fields and 72 00:03:06,580 --> 00:03:03,019 gravitational lensing with me to talk 73 00:03:09,580 --> 00:03:06,590 about these is IDs it Rijn he's a NASA 74 00:03:13,330 --> 00:03:09,590 Hubble fellow at Caltech a high iodine 75 00:03:15,550 --> 00:03:13,340 welcome also is John Moustakas he's the 76 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:15,560 he's a astronomer and a faculty member 77 00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:18,010 at Siena College where is that John 78 00:03:22,740 --> 00:03:20,510 Siena College is a small liberal arts 79 00:03:25,809 --> 00:03:22,750 school and upstate New York near Albany 80 00:03:29,170 --> 00:03:25,819 awesome and so we welcome to both of you 81 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:29,180 guys and we'll let's let's let's go 82 00:03:35,170 --> 00:03:31,090 ahead and let's talk a little bit about 83 00:03:37,210 --> 00:03:35,180 what you are working on and and what you 84 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:37,220 have found so there's a link also guys 85 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:40,010 in the description box of the event to a 86 00:03:43,420 --> 00:03:41,690 press release that came out last month 87 00:03:46,629 --> 00:03:43,430 and addy why don't you describe to us 88 00:03:52,449 --> 00:03:46,639 what that press release was about okay 89 00:03:54,309 --> 00:03:52,459 first of all hi so let's start with a 90 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:54,319 little bit of background we want to know 91 00:03:58,270 --> 00:03:56,450 how the universe evolves how galaxies 92 00:04:00,159 --> 00:03:58,280 form and how they evolve into the 93 00:04:02,620 --> 00:04:00,169 galaxies that we see today so one of the 94 00:04:05,860 --> 00:04:02,630 goals basically is looking for the most 95 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:05,870 distant galaxies the very young in the 96 00:04:10,839 --> 00:04:09,410 early universe galaxies so we're trying 97 00:04:14,650 --> 00:04:10,849 to do to exploit the lens magnification 98 00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:14,660 of galaxy clusters which have a lot very 99 00:04:19,060 --> 00:04:17,060 high density and a lot of gravity so the 100 00:04:21,610 --> 00:04:19,070 form gravitational lenses in the sky 101 00:04:23,409 --> 00:04:21,620 they help us magnify the background we 102 00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:23,419 look at them in order to find a very 103 00:04:27,190 --> 00:04:25,940 high redshift galaxy so in this paper we 104 00:04:30,550 --> 00:04:27,200 found one of the most 105 00:04:32,110 --> 00:04:30,560 hyah stretch of the galaxy is known and 106 00:04:34,270 --> 00:04:32,120 the interesting thing about this galaxy 107 00:04:36,580 --> 00:04:34,280 is not only that it's one of the 108 00:04:38,650 --> 00:04:36,590 highest-rated ones it's also being a 109 00:04:42,100 --> 00:04:38,660 multiply image by the cluster so we see 110 00:04:43,630 --> 00:04:42,110 it several times oh I can yeah I can't 111 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:43,640 wait to show we're gonna we're gonna go 112 00:04:47,140 --> 00:04:45,170 back to that in just a minute and well 113 00:04:49,660 --> 00:04:47,150 actually let's go ahead Scott it's got 114 00:04:50,950 --> 00:04:49,670 an image up now and why don't you why 115 00:04:56,350 --> 00:04:50,960 don't you describe what we're looking at 116 00:04:58,860 --> 00:04:56,360 there okay so in the image the squares 117 00:05:01,690 --> 00:04:58,870 that show a B and C are the three 118 00:05:03,490 --> 00:05:01,700 appearances of the same galaxies that 119 00:05:05,590 --> 00:05:03,500 are being lens and magnified by this 120 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:05,600 cluster so remember that the 121 00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:07,610 magnification by by the cluster is what 122 00:05:12,370 --> 00:05:09,290 helps us see that far to the edge of 123 00:05:14,230 --> 00:05:12,380 edge of the universe basically and it 124 00:05:16,540 --> 00:05:14,240 also multiplies the image so we see 125 00:05:18,100 --> 00:05:16,550 several times now the interesting thing 126 00:05:20,250 --> 00:05:18,110 about these data see is that the 127 00:05:23,290 --> 00:05:20,260 distances between a B and C 128 00:05:25,540 --> 00:05:23,300 independently tell us what distance of 129 00:05:28,150 --> 00:05:25,550 these galaxies so we don't just guess 130 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:28,160 according to its colors or dimness how 131 00:05:32,890 --> 00:05:30,530 far away it is but also the distances 132 00:05:35,190 --> 00:05:32,900 between a B and C tell us independently 133 00:05:37,060 --> 00:05:35,200 that it is really in the early universe 134 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:37,070 awesome okay well I'm gonna get to how 135 00:05:40,630 --> 00:05:38,570 you know that in just a minute also how 136 00:05:43,750 --> 00:05:40,640 you know that that little smudge is the 137 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:43,760 same exact galaxy but we wish you'd 138 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:45,290 probably take a step back and talk a 139 00:05:49,330 --> 00:05:47,330 little so that's the punchline they 140 00:05:53,050 --> 00:05:49,340 found them one of the most distant 141 00:05:55,210 --> 00:05:53,060 galaxies in the universe and but they 142 00:05:57,090 --> 00:05:55,220 did it with kind of a little bit of a 143 00:05:59,650 --> 00:05:57,100 cheat now you're using something called 144 00:06:02,170 --> 00:05:59,660 frontier fields data and frontier fields 145 00:06:04,300 --> 00:06:02,180 is a project that we've talked about 146 00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:04,310 many times on these hangouts where there 147 00:06:08,110 --> 00:06:06,110 are imaging galaxy clusters and they're 148 00:06:10,480 --> 00:06:08,120 hoping to boost the but we're not hoping 149 00:06:12,220 --> 00:06:10,490 they're using the power of gravitational 150 00:06:14,620 --> 00:06:12,230 lenses to sort of boost the power of 151 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:14,630 Hubble and see things that Hubble 152 00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:18,050 ordinarily wouldn't be able to see if 153 00:06:23,380 --> 00:06:19,430 they were just trying to look at it 154 00:06:25,180 --> 00:06:23,390 without the gravitational lens so maybe 155 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:25,190 this would be some a good a good thing 156 00:06:28,510 --> 00:06:26,810 for Carroll to give us a little 157 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:28,520 introduction into can you talk a little 158 00:06:32,730 --> 00:06:31,130 bit about what frontier fields is doing 159 00:06:36,820 --> 00:06:32,740 and what they're hoping to accomplish 160 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:36,830 sure so in the history of the Hubble 161 00:06:40,990 --> 00:06:38,810 Space Telescope we've had a number of 162 00:06:43,750 --> 00:06:41,000 initiatives that were taken on by the 163 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:43,760 Observatory itself as we've talked about 164 00:06:48,310 --> 00:06:45,130 before 165 00:06:50,620 --> 00:06:48,320 astronomers throughout the world 166 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:50,630 actually apply for time to use the 167 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:53,090 telescope for specific research purposes 168 00:06:58,330 --> 00:06:56,570 the observatory also under the auspices 169 00:07:02,230 --> 00:06:58,340 of the director sometimes takes on 170 00:07:04,540 --> 00:07:02,240 projects that will need a lot of 171 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:04,550 observing time and also will serve a big 172 00:07:09,280 --> 00:07:07,130 community and in the past some of those 173 00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:09,290 have been the Hubble Deep Field so there 174 00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:10,820 have been several Hubble Deep fields 175 00:07:14,530 --> 00:07:12,560 where the telescope is used for many 176 00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:14,540 many days just to stare at a small 177 00:07:19,180 --> 00:07:16,940 portion of the sky so the newest 178 00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:19,190 initiative is called frontier fields and 179 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:22,700 the idea with frontier fields is we've 180 00:07:28,659 --> 00:07:25,490 tried to look back very far just by 181 00:07:30,580 --> 00:07:28,669 staring at part of the sky for a very 182 00:07:32,920 --> 00:07:30,590 long time to go fainter and fainter and 183 00:07:37,540 --> 00:07:32,930 fainter the idea behind frontier fields 184 00:07:39,909 --> 00:07:37,550 is to use a cosmic effect called a 185 00:07:41,860 --> 00:07:39,919 gravitational lens and so we use an 186 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:41,870 additional lens which is caused by 187 00:07:48,010 --> 00:07:45,650 gravity to magnify objects that are 188 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:48,020 behind the lens well what is this lens 189 00:07:53,110 --> 00:07:50,210 the lens is actually a cluster of 190 00:07:55,570 --> 00:07:53,120 galaxies that has a lot of mass and the 191 00:07:58,390 --> 00:07:55,580 mass itself distorts the light and 192 00:08:02,460 --> 00:07:58,400 magnifies it so it creates multiple 193 00:08:06,190 --> 00:08:02,470 images and also magnified images of 194 00:08:09,820 --> 00:08:06,200 galaxies further away so in this way we 195 00:08:13,150 --> 00:08:09,830 can reach much further away than we can 196 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:13,160 if we just stare at the sky without one 197 00:08:18,700 --> 00:08:15,290 of these lenses in place the idea is to 198 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:18,710 use this cosmic trick to see even deeper 199 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:21,290 into space and now there's an 200 00:08:27,850 --> 00:08:23,450 illustration of that a little movie of 201 00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:27,860 how a distant object the light comes 202 00:08:34,450 --> 00:08:29,630 from it ordinarily would come straight 203 00:08:37,270 --> 00:08:34,460 to us would be too faint is is acted 204 00:08:40,959 --> 00:08:37,280 upon by this cosmic lens it sometimes is 205 00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:40,969 shredded into arcs and and distorted but 206 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:44,000 nonetheless it is a way of reaching very 207 00:08:49,270 --> 00:08:46,610 deep deeper than we ever have before and 208 00:08:51,100 --> 00:08:49,280 it also gives us a little teaser on what 209 00:08:54,759 --> 00:08:51,110 mean we might see with the James Webb 210 00:08:56,949 --> 00:08:54,769 telescope after 2018 right 211 00:08:58,569 --> 00:08:56,959 so Scott's showing one of the neatest 212 00:09:00,429 --> 00:08:58,579 little illustrations of what you were 213 00:09:04,329 --> 00:09:00,439 just talking about Carol and as you can 214 00:09:06,220 --> 00:09:04,339 see this lens this galaxy cluster the 215 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:06,230 mass from that is what is causing the 216 00:09:10,799 --> 00:09:09,050 the lens itself and so we're able to see 217 00:09:14,169 --> 00:09:10,809 things or Hubble is able to see things 218 00:09:18,309 --> 00:09:14,179 other than then otherwise wouldn't so 219 00:09:20,499 --> 00:09:18,319 right six clusters and we have now on 220 00:09:22,780 --> 00:09:20,509 behalf of the community observed three 221 00:09:24,460 --> 00:09:22,790 of them the team at space telescope 222 00:09:27,189 --> 00:09:24,470 works very hard to calibrate that data 223 00:09:29,109 --> 00:09:27,199 very carefully and then it's put out to 224 00:09:31,660 --> 00:09:29,119 the community so the entire community 225 00:09:34,449 --> 00:09:31,670 can yeah and that's something that's 226 00:09:36,609 --> 00:09:34,459 worth mentioning most Hubble data sort 227 00:09:38,590 --> 00:09:36,619 of have a little bit of a an embargo 228 00:09:40,660 --> 00:09:38,600 period so the scientists that asked for 229 00:09:42,039 --> 00:09:40,670 Hubble time can take some time to you 230 00:09:44,439 --> 00:09:42,049 know analyze their data before that's 231 00:09:45,910 --> 00:09:44,449 made public this isn't it's not true for 232 00:09:47,859 --> 00:09:45,920 frontier fields data it's been made 233 00:09:50,019 --> 00:09:47,869 available right away to the community 234 00:09:51,129 --> 00:09:50,029 the science community and in fact we're 235 00:09:52,269 --> 00:09:51,139 gonna talk about this in a little bit 236 00:09:54,699 --> 00:09:52,279 there was you know there was a workshop 237 00:09:56,319 --> 00:09:54,709 just last week that highlighted all of 238 00:09:58,600 --> 00:09:56,329 the science that's being done with this 239 00:10:01,359 --> 00:09:58,610 data as the community get it right away 240 00:10:04,840 --> 00:10:01,369 so John Moustakas let me let me ask you 241 00:10:07,359 --> 00:10:04,850 a question the the the galaxy that you 242 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:07,369 found ahead of as Adi said was a very 243 00:10:13,329 --> 00:10:10,730 high redshift galaxy can you give us a 244 00:10:15,129 --> 00:10:13,339 brief description of what is meant by 245 00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:15,139 redshift right now I think this 246 00:10:20,949 --> 00:10:17,240 particular galaxy was a redshift of 247 00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:20,959 about ten correct that's right yeah I 248 00:10:26,019 --> 00:10:23,720 actually I just learned a really nice 249 00:10:29,230 --> 00:10:26,029 analogy that describes this so that the 250 00:10:30,819 --> 00:10:29,240 first important point is that and one of 251 00:10:33,669 --> 00:10:30,829 the most important discoveries of at 252 00:10:36,579 --> 00:10:33,679 least the last century is the fact that 253 00:10:42,249 --> 00:10:36,589 the universe isn't static it doesn't I 254 00:10:44,230 --> 00:10:42,259 it's not it changes in other words the 255 00:10:47,049 --> 00:10:44,240 universe is expanding so when we look at 256 00:10:52,419 --> 00:10:47,059 galaxies around us we see that they're 257 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:52,429 moving all moving away from us and the 258 00:10:55,929 --> 00:10:54,410 way that movement away from us that 259 00:10:58,659 --> 00:10:55,939 expansion of the universe is using this 260 00:10:59,949 --> 00:10:58,669 concept called red jet and so the way to 261 00:11:01,509 --> 00:10:59,959 think about it is imagine you're 262 00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:01,519 standing at the front of an auditorium 263 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:06,110 and you have a seat full of odd members 264 00:11:10,630 --> 00:11:08,410 what you would see is that 265 00:11:12,700 --> 00:11:10,640 it would be like looking out at the 266 00:11:15,010 --> 00:11:12,710 auditorium and seeing that the people 267 00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:15,020 sitting in front were the oldest people 268 00:11:19,900 --> 00:11:17,120 and then as you looked at further and 269 00:11:21,790 --> 00:11:19,910 further people further and back towards 270 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:21,800 the back of the auditorium they looked 271 00:11:25,990 --> 00:11:23,210 like they were getting younger and 272 00:11:27,340 --> 00:11:26,000 younger and younger oh I want to be in 273 00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:27,350 the backseat then I want to be in the 274 00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:28,880 background yeah right 275 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:32,450 and and then at the same time what you 276 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:34,010 would see if you were just looking at 277 00:11:37,780 --> 00:11:35,810 these people is that the people in the 278 00:11:41,830 --> 00:11:37,790 front would be you know slightly pink 279 00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:41,840 and then as you look at people product 280 00:11:45,910 --> 00:11:43,310 they would get redder and redder and 281 00:11:50,070 --> 00:11:45,920 redder and grosser and rosy and rosier 282 00:11:52,290 --> 00:11:50,080 and the those two ideas there are 283 00:11:55,540 --> 00:11:52,300 essentially what we're trying to do with 284 00:11:57,970 --> 00:11:55,550 with with trying to find the youngest 285 00:12:00,850 --> 00:11:57,980 galaxies or the first galaxies to have 286 00:12:03,250 --> 00:12:00,860 formed so people are getting redder 287 00:12:05,230 --> 00:12:03,260 because as the universe expands it 288 00:12:08,290 --> 00:12:05,240 actually stretches the wavelength of 289 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:08,300 light and pushes it towards redder 290 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:10,130 wavelengths so that's why we call this a 291 00:12:17,290 --> 00:12:13,130 redshift and the amount that the light 292 00:12:18,940 --> 00:12:17,300 gets redshift is based on how far away 293 00:12:22,570 --> 00:12:18,950 it is so the further something is the 294 00:12:24,850 --> 00:12:22,580 more it's like it's red shifted and the 295 00:12:27,940 --> 00:12:24,860 reason your audience members in your 296 00:12:30,670 --> 00:12:27,950 hypothetical lecture here are getting 297 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:30,680 younger is because it takes a finite 298 00:12:35,650 --> 00:12:33,290 amount of time for light to reach our 299 00:12:38,950 --> 00:12:35,660 eyes so but if you look at someone 300 00:12:40,570 --> 00:12:38,960 across the room there it takes about a 301 00:12:43,060 --> 00:12:40,580 billionth of a second for the light 302 00:12:45,070 --> 00:12:43,070 coming off of them to reach your eyes we 303 00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:45,080 will look at the Sun the sun's about 8 304 00:12:48,850 --> 00:12:46,970 light minutes away so you're actually 305 00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:48,860 looking at the Sun the way it appeared 306 00:12:54,190 --> 00:12:52,130 eight minutes ago and so as you look at 307 00:12:58,210 --> 00:12:54,200 more and more distant objects you've 308 00:13:01,270 --> 00:12:58,220 seen the way they looked a long time ago 309 00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:01,280 and so so that's that's the other effect 310 00:13:07,060 --> 00:13:04,270 that we were able to use to try to probe 311 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:07,070 and understand how galaxies looked like 312 00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:09,170 in the past that is a good analogy I'd 313 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:11,000 never heard that before now - you need 314 00:13:15,910 --> 00:13:12,770 to continue with that analogy one other 315 00:13:19,510 --> 00:13:15,920 component to it is that the auditorium 316 00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:19,520 itself is also getting larger right so 317 00:13:23,890 --> 00:13:22,310 so while that's going on 318 00:13:25,180 --> 00:13:23,900 the auditorium is getting bigger so 319 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:25,190 there's another component to that 320 00:13:29,050 --> 00:13:26,930 there's a lots of different distances 321 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:29,060 that people use and one of the things 322 00:13:34,570 --> 00:13:30,970 that I read was a Ned Wright a 323 00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:34,580 cosmologists had a great has a great web 324 00:13:41,410 --> 00:13:38,480 page on how to count distances in the 325 00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:41,420 universe using redshift and thinking 326 00:13:45,610 --> 00:13:42,760 wrote was that it's probably a bad idea 327 00:13:47,950 --> 00:13:45,620 for the press to start reporting these 328 00:13:50,769 --> 00:13:47,960 distances in light travel time because 329 00:13:52,990 --> 00:13:50,779 there's so much more involved over yes 330 00:13:56,710 --> 00:13:53,000 we may be looking at a galaxy when the 331 00:14:00,160 --> 00:13:56,720 universe was a billion years old but you 332 00:14:02,710 --> 00:14:00,170 know in the twelve or so billion ye here 333 00:14:04,690 --> 00:14:02,720 I'm the universe is also expanded and so 334 00:14:06,610 --> 00:14:04,700 the actual distance to that galaxy is 335 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:06,620 best expressed in that in that redshift 336 00:14:12,250 --> 00:14:08,930 number you were talking about more so 337 00:14:13,510 --> 00:14:12,260 than in light travel time so it's a it's 338 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:13,520 an interesting idea different an 339 00:14:17,470 --> 00:14:14,650 interesting concept 340 00:14:21,310 --> 00:14:17,480 so I D let me ask you with the we know a 341 00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:21,320 redshift is now this particular galaxy 342 00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:23,690 is redshift about equal 10 the universe 343 00:14:29,230 --> 00:14:26,930 was roughly how old when when when this 344 00:14:32,980 --> 00:14:29,240 galaxy when the light left this galaxy 345 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:32,990 so did the galaxy sorry the universe was 346 00:14:39,730 --> 00:14:36,410 about 450 million years which is only 347 00:14:43,420 --> 00:14:39,740 about 3 to 4% of its current age so in 348 00:14:44,680 --> 00:14:43,430 size that's really soon yeah so the 349 00:14:46,329 --> 00:14:44,690 reason I asked you that was because I 350 00:14:48,820 --> 00:14:46,339 have a comment here on YouTube that I 351 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:48,830 want to get to right away it says for 352 00:14:52,510 --> 00:14:50,570 this is from tangent creative on YouTube 353 00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:52,520 he goes does this mean galaxies formed 354 00:14:58,420 --> 00:14:55,040 very quickly after the Big Bang I mean 355 00:14:59,650 --> 00:14:58,430 real fast I mean 400,000 what is a 400 356 00:15:02,620 --> 00:14:59,660 million years or so that's pretty quick 357 00:15:04,990 --> 00:15:02,630 that's pretty quick that's pretty quick 358 00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:05,000 and actually we at least miracle 359 00:15:08,980 --> 00:15:06,440 simulations we don't observe these 360 00:15:10,810 --> 00:15:08,990 galaxies yet but predicted they have 361 00:15:14,110 --> 00:15:10,820 started forming even a bit earlier so 362 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:14,120 they started forming at about probably 363 00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:16,010 the guess is a hundred million years 364 00:15:19,060 --> 00:15:17,930 after the Big Bang and this is really 365 00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:19,070 fast yes that's 366 00:15:23,860 --> 00:15:20,959 Wow that that that quickly that that's 367 00:15:26,590 --> 00:15:23,870 pretty that's pretty pretty fast so John 368 00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:26,600 this particular galaxy what does that 369 00:15:31,870 --> 00:15:28,990 red smudge that we looked at earlier 370 00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:31,880 tell you what what what what do you know 371 00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:33,650 about this galaxy based on that little 372 00:15:41,470 --> 00:15:36,140 red dot yeah it's a great question I 373 00:15:43,420 --> 00:15:41,480 wish we could infer more we we can say a 374 00:15:45,610 --> 00:15:43,430 few things about the object what's 375 00:15:50,350 --> 00:15:45,620 really amazing is that as Carol 376 00:15:51,730 --> 00:15:50,360 described an object this faint would not 377 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:51,740 have been found 378 00:15:56,590 --> 00:15:54,770 in just a blank part of the sky so if 379 00:15:59,920 --> 00:15:56,600 you had just taken Hubble and just 380 00:16:03,850 --> 00:15:59,930 pointed it at a same part of the sky and 381 00:16:06,460 --> 00:16:03,860 just collect difficut and just collected 382 00:16:09,220 --> 00:16:06,470 photons the way has been done in past 383 00:16:11,350 --> 00:16:09,230 efforts with the Hubble Deep fields for 384 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:11,360 example you would not have found this 385 00:16:18,940 --> 00:16:14,450 galaxy so just thinking about how faint 386 00:16:20,770 --> 00:16:18,950 it is this is about other thing it's a 387 00:16:22,810 --> 00:16:20,780 very much at the limits of what the 388 00:16:24,430 --> 00:16:22,820 Hubble Space Telescope can do and the 389 00:16:27,579 --> 00:16:24,440 only way we can really do better is by 390 00:16:30,790 --> 00:16:27,589 putting a bigger telescope in space but 391 00:16:32,890 --> 00:16:30,800 what we know about it is that when we 392 00:16:34,990 --> 00:16:32,900 look at galaxies like our own galaxy 393 00:16:38,110 --> 00:16:35,000 we're in the Milky Way galaxy which is a 394 00:16:40,630 --> 00:16:38,120 spiral galaxy has spiral arms and the 395 00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:40,640 Sun is one Sun among roughly a hundred 396 00:16:47,199 --> 00:16:44,450 billion stars in our galaxy this galaxy 397 00:16:51,010 --> 00:16:47,209 is really you should think about it as a 398 00:16:53,650 --> 00:16:51,020 fragment it's at least one one-hundredth 399 00:16:57,790 --> 00:16:53,660 the size or the mass of the Milky Way 400 00:16:59,530 --> 00:16:57,800 galaxy and maybe even 1,000 so in that 401 00:17:01,540 --> 00:16:59,540 range between a hundredth and one 402 00:17:05,559 --> 00:17:01,550 thousandth of math mass of our own 403 00:17:08,590 --> 00:17:05,569 galaxy and so what we think happened is 404 00:17:09,660 --> 00:17:08,600 that these galaxies like the one we 405 00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:09,670 discovered 406 00:17:15,189 --> 00:17:12,920 came together through gravity to over 407 00:17:20,290 --> 00:17:15,199 time build up the big galaxies that we 408 00:17:23,370 --> 00:17:20,300 see today and so real to young its 409 00:17:27,030 --> 00:17:23,380 forming stars at a very fast clip 410 00:17:29,830 --> 00:17:27,040 because it has a lot of cold gaps and 411 00:17:32,260 --> 00:17:29,840 we're catching it when it was just it 412 00:17:35,770 --> 00:17:32,270 when there was just a fragment of the 413 00:17:38,350 --> 00:17:35,780 big galaxies that we see today Wow 414 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:38,360 so I'm gonna there's that there's what 415 00:17:43,980 --> 00:17:39,530 we're talking about folks cuz I just 416 00:17:47,510 --> 00:17:43,990 wanted to put this up real fast so so 417 00:17:50,660 --> 00:17:47,520 Idid you said that the this 418 00:17:53,660 --> 00:17:50,670 been this had appeared in the lens to 419 00:17:56,360 --> 00:17:53,670 galaxy several times or in the galaxy in 420 00:17:57,620 --> 00:17:56,370 the galaxy cluster image several times 421 00:18:01,070 --> 00:17:57,630 how do you know that how do you know 422 00:18:03,620 --> 00:18:01,080 that little dot is exactly the same 423 00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:03,630 galaxy and in just in different spots of 424 00:18:10,010 --> 00:18:06,780 the image that's a good question so the 425 00:18:11,750 --> 00:18:10,020 answer divides into first of all we see 426 00:18:14,090 --> 00:18:11,760 many galaxies which are multiplied in 427 00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:14,100 the cluster this is not the only one 428 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:15,840 and usually the galaxies that we see 429 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:19,050 multiplied in the cluster if they can be 430 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:22,770 giant spirals with very distinct colors 431 00:18:27,380 --> 00:18:25,770 or not so there is no doubt that these 432 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:27,390 are the same background galaxies being 433 00:18:32,450 --> 00:18:29,610 multiplied imaged we can also verify it 434 00:18:35,690 --> 00:18:32,460 by very accurately measuring their 435 00:18:37,370 --> 00:18:35,700 colors so once we establish the 436 00:18:39,530 --> 00:18:37,380 gravitational lensing predicted 437 00:18:42,850 --> 00:18:39,540 according to Einstein general relativity 438 00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:42,860 is a real phenomenon we see galaxies 439 00:18:49,030 --> 00:18:46,080 multiple times in the same by multiply 440 00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:49,040 multiply lens by the same cluster lens 441 00:18:54,650 --> 00:18:51,360 now it's just a question of how do we 442 00:18:57,650 --> 00:18:54,660 know that this exact galaxy the red blob 443 00:19:00,200 --> 00:18:57,660 is really the same galaxy and here we 444 00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:00,210 used basically a lens model so we 445 00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:01,710 construct the mass of the cluster 446 00:19:06,260 --> 00:19:04,320 according to all these other giant 447 00:19:08,360 --> 00:19:06,270 spirals that are being multiplied 448 00:19:09,950 --> 00:19:08,370 lengths that I told you about and then 449 00:19:12,620 --> 00:19:09,960 we can extrapolate to higher redshift 450 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:12,630 and predict where would we expect to see 451 00:19:18,470 --> 00:19:15,810 such blobs where we to high-redshift 452 00:19:20,620 --> 00:19:18,480 galaxies okay so you mentioned these 453 00:19:24,860 --> 00:19:20,630 lens models and these are mathematical 454 00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:24,870 descriptions of the way in which this 455 00:19:28,940 --> 00:19:26,850 galaxy cluster will bend light and if 456 00:19:32,450 --> 00:19:28,950 specific to this particular galaxy 457 00:19:34,130 --> 00:19:32,460 cluster right so if you if you model 458 00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:34,140 that if you shine light through this 459 00:19:39,290 --> 00:19:37,020 this lens model you're talking about you 460 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:39,300 should be able to see certain galaxies 461 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:43,050 behind it in certain locations in the 462 00:19:47,630 --> 00:19:45,090 galaxy cluster right that's exactly 463 00:19:49,550 --> 00:19:47,640 correct okay good so let me interject 464 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:49,560 there's there's actually a really great 465 00:19:54,980 --> 00:19:51,930 you can do this yourself I do this in my 466 00:19:58,220 --> 00:19:54,990 classroom as Carol described and we've 467 00:20:01,010 --> 00:19:58,230 been talking about lenses make multiple 468 00:20:05,150 --> 00:20:01,020 images so if you take a wineglass 469 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:05,160 yes promoting alcohol or any famous wine 470 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:07,650 glass yeah but if you just take a wine 471 00:20:11,750 --> 00:20:09,570 glass and you and you tip it and cut it 472 00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:11,760 sort of look off the end and take a 473 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:13,950 candle or a match or something like that 474 00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:16,890 and hold it on the backside of the stem 475 00:20:22,730 --> 00:20:19,890 and if you just took the angle you can 476 00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:22,740 actually create multiple images making 477 00:20:27,470 --> 00:20:24,720 twos pretty easy if you're really good 478 00:20:29,210 --> 00:20:27,480 you can make three if it's perfectly 479 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:29,220 lined up you get what's called an 480 00:20:35,690 --> 00:20:33,570 Einstein ring and really if you know how 481 00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:35,700 the glass is distributed that's really 482 00:20:40,850 --> 00:20:38,070 when we say Allen's model then you can 483 00:20:43,790 --> 00:20:40,860 predict where the candle light will 484 00:20:45,950 --> 00:20:43,800 appear on your eyes right it's great 485 00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:45,960 it's a great demonstration up for those 486 00:20:48,890 --> 00:20:47,460 of you who haven't seen it yet 487 00:20:51,890 --> 00:20:48,900 if you look at one of our very first 488 00:20:53,450 --> 00:20:51,900 frontier fields hangouts Dan Coe what he 489 00:20:55,580 --> 00:20:53,460 did was he had a little galaxy had an 490 00:20:57,560 --> 00:20:55,590 image of one of his galaxies and an 491 00:20:59,590 --> 00:20:57,570 iPhone and then he put that in front of 492 00:21:02,090 --> 00:20:59,600 the glass that he had and he lens that 493 00:21:04,610 --> 00:21:02,100 that image of a galaxy from his iPhone 494 00:21:06,470 --> 00:21:04,620 and you can see for me well how how that 495 00:21:08,390 --> 00:21:06,480 that that works it's a really good 496 00:21:10,070 --> 00:21:08,400 demonstration so if you want to see that 497 00:21:12,170 --> 00:21:10,080 I would check out one of our past our 498 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:12,180 frontier fields hangouts you'll be able 499 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:15,210 to see that so Scott would you mind 500 00:21:19,460 --> 00:21:17,010 putting that image up you had with with 501 00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:19,470 the galaxy cluster in the foreground and 502 00:21:27,260 --> 00:21:23,090 the three little in sets again this 503 00:21:29,810 --> 00:21:27,270 cluster is called a bell 27:44 and it's 504 00:21:31,310 --> 00:21:29,820 one of the clusters that frontier fields 505 00:21:34,070 --> 00:21:31,320 is there's one of the six that it's 506 00:21:37,810 --> 00:21:34,080 picked to a show I mean as soon as God 507 00:21:40,790 --> 00:21:37,820 gets it up I want to here come so these 508 00:21:42,770 --> 00:21:40,800 galaxies on the cluster itself are all 509 00:21:45,010 --> 00:21:42,780 very familiar looking they look you know 510 00:21:47,360 --> 00:21:45,020 it looked like a galaxy ah to look and 511 00:21:49,430 --> 00:21:47,370 these are galaxies that are relatively 512 00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:49,440 close by compared to what you've been 513 00:21:53,420 --> 00:21:51,330 observing how are and maybe John this 514 00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:53,430 will be a question for you how are these 515 00:21:58,430 --> 00:21:56,820 early galaxies different from the 516 00:22:01,580 --> 00:21:58,440 galaxies we see today because they're 517 00:22:04,970 --> 00:22:01,590 not the same at all are they that's 518 00:22:08,740 --> 00:22:04,980 right the typically the galaxies that 519 00:22:12,290 --> 00:22:08,750 make up a galaxy cluster like a Bell 520 00:22:14,259 --> 00:22:12,300 2744 are what we call spheroidal 521 00:22:17,889 --> 00:22:14,269 galaxies so if you look in 522 00:22:23,829 --> 00:22:17,899 as image Scott has up basically be the 523 00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:23,839 orangish bright blobs that are that 524 00:22:29,079 --> 00:22:26,330 dominate this image these are all in the 525 00:22:30,579 --> 00:22:29,089 foreground and their brights for auto 526 00:22:32,709 --> 00:22:30,589 galaxies in other words picture them as 527 00:22:34,810 --> 00:22:32,719 beehives essentially they have no 528 00:22:37,359 --> 00:22:34,820 they're not flat in one direction 529 00:22:41,409 --> 00:22:37,369 they're like beehives or footballs in 530 00:22:43,839 --> 00:22:41,419 the sky and so first of all they're 531 00:22:46,029 --> 00:22:43,849 they're very massive as I've described 532 00:22:48,249 --> 00:22:46,039 the object we found which is in the 533 00:22:54,399 --> 00:22:48,259 background that's far far behind this 534 00:22:58,749 --> 00:22:54,409 cluster is is really a fragment of a 535 00:23:01,389 --> 00:22:58,759 galaxy today much less massive and the 536 00:23:02,919 --> 00:23:01,399 galaxies in a cluster for the most part 537 00:23:04,719 --> 00:23:02,929 most of the galaxies have stopped 538 00:23:07,209 --> 00:23:04,729 forming stars in other words they don't 539 00:23:10,449 --> 00:23:07,219 have the fuel for star formation which 540 00:23:14,229 --> 00:23:10,459 is cold gas whereas this distant object 541 00:23:16,479 --> 00:23:14,239 we've discovered has is forming stars at 542 00:23:19,149 --> 00:23:16,489 a significant rate compared to how 543 00:23:23,529 --> 00:23:19,159 massive it is which means it must have a 544 00:23:26,229 --> 00:23:23,539 cold gas reservoir and so there are very 545 00:23:29,589 --> 00:23:26,239 different parts of their life these 546 00:23:30,759 --> 00:23:29,599 these ferrata galaxies in the cluster a 547 00:23:33,519 --> 00:23:30,769 comment called 548 00:23:35,319 --> 00:23:33,529 red and dead galaxies because they have 549 00:23:38,379 --> 00:23:35,329 just stopped for me it's new stars 550 00:23:42,279 --> 00:23:38,389 whereas this distant object is really in 551 00:23:44,339 --> 00:23:42,289 its youth it's a toddler and it's you 552 00:23:47,169 --> 00:23:44,349 know its heyday is yet to come 553 00:23:48,789 --> 00:23:47,179 so indeed to follow up on what he do it 554 00:23:52,149 --> 00:23:48,799 with John was just saying these this 555 00:23:55,319 --> 00:23:52,159 distant galaxies he said has a cold gas 556 00:23:59,019 --> 00:23:55,329 reservoir would this be just the 557 00:24:01,629 --> 00:23:59,029 hydrogen and helium from the from from 558 00:24:03,549 --> 00:24:01,639 the early universe is that what they is 559 00:24:06,399 --> 00:24:03,559 how he's talking about or what well why 560 00:24:09,909 --> 00:24:06,409 would these galaxies be giving so many 561 00:24:10,269 --> 00:24:09,919 are high rates of star birth yes that's 562 00:24:12,310 --> 00:24:10,279 correct 563 00:24:13,959 --> 00:24:12,320 that's the reservoirs of hydrogen and 564 00:24:16,479 --> 00:24:13,969 also some helium from the early universe 565 00:24:18,940 --> 00:24:16,489 I just want to mention before that John 566 00:24:20,199 --> 00:24:18,950 mentioned that the cluster going back to 567 00:24:23,169 --> 00:24:20,209 the redshift John mentioned that the 568 00:24:24,399 --> 00:24:23,179 cluster galaxies are red and dead now we 569 00:24:26,259 --> 00:24:24,409 actually see that the background 570 00:24:28,090 --> 00:24:26,269 galaxies which is supposed to be young 571 00:24:30,220 --> 00:24:28,100 in blue is much redder 572 00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:30,230 now this is exactly the redshift this 573 00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:33,110 very blue galaxy is seen 574 00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:35,810 extremely red to us because it's in the 575 00:24:39,940 --> 00:24:37,820 end of in the edge of the universe so 576 00:24:42,460 --> 00:24:39,950 it's very highly redshifted 577 00:24:46,530 --> 00:24:42,470 but it's physical color is and isn't red 578 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:46,540 it's actually who's providing it or 579 00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:49,730 because of the star birth the rapid 580 00:24:53,650 --> 00:24:51,110 amount of star birth and the young stars 581 00:24:55,390 --> 00:24:53,660 in there correct exactly okay so we got 582 00:24:58,360 --> 00:24:55,400 this we got this galaxy that's really 583 00:25:01,360 --> 00:24:58,370 ultra violet or blue if we were to be 584 00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:01,370 right next to it although you know 13 585 00:25:07,690 --> 00:25:04,730 billion years ago but it appears red to 586 00:25:10,780 --> 00:25:07,700 us what are the stars like in this 587 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:10,790 galaxy what do they like John why don't 588 00:25:17,740 --> 00:25:14,930 you take okay John I sure obviously we 589 00:25:20,380 --> 00:25:17,750 we can't say anything about individual 590 00:25:23,290 --> 00:25:20,390 stars so what we're looking at if the 591 00:25:26,920 --> 00:25:23,300 combined light of all the stars in this 592 00:25:29,770 --> 00:25:26,930 galaxy and that's true of almost any 593 00:25:32,050 --> 00:25:29,780 galaxy in the skies galaxies even nearby 594 00:25:34,450 --> 00:25:32,060 ones relatively nearby ones are so 595 00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:34,460 distant that we never see individual 596 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:36,080 stars so when you look at this cluster 597 00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:38,570 image pick the biggest thing on here 598 00:25:43,150 --> 00:25:40,910 what you're seeing is the faint that 599 00:25:46,120 --> 00:25:43,160 added the light that's added up from all 600 00:25:49,390 --> 00:25:46,130 four many billions of stars that are in 601 00:25:51,940 --> 00:25:49,400 here but the fact that we can say 602 00:25:57,280 --> 00:25:51,950 something about how fast stars are 603 00:26:00,070 --> 00:25:57,290 forming on average and this galaxy as 604 00:26:03,490 --> 00:26:00,080 forming stars at a rate of about three 605 00:26:06,970 --> 00:26:03,500 suns every year which might not seem 606 00:26:09,010 --> 00:26:06,980 like a really big number but you have to 607 00:26:11,260 --> 00:26:09,020 compare it to how big it is because it's 608 00:26:13,540 --> 00:26:11,270 so small the fact that it's forming 609 00:26:16,750 --> 00:26:13,550 three suns of a year what that means is 610 00:26:19,570 --> 00:26:16,760 that in about 200 million years it's 611 00:26:21,340 --> 00:26:19,580 going to get double its size and then if 612 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:21,350 you continue form stars at that same 613 00:26:25,650 --> 00:26:22,850 rate that means in another two hundred 614 00:26:27,940 --> 00:26:25,660 years it's going to double again and so 615 00:26:31,330 --> 00:26:27,950 even though it doesn't have a large 616 00:26:33,520 --> 00:26:31,340 absolute star formation rate it's a rate 617 00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:33,530 at which it's forming new stars this 618 00:26:37,890 --> 00:26:35,780 thing is is growing up really really 619 00:26:40,740 --> 00:26:37,900 quickly 620 00:26:42,990 --> 00:26:40,750 I see this on a growth spurt huh that's 621 00:26:46,650 --> 00:26:43,000 right okay well while we're on the topic 622 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:46,660 of these early galaxies versus the ones 623 00:26:51,810 --> 00:26:49,090 that are more closer to us in the in the 624 00:26:55,170 --> 00:26:51,820 present day Lucas a Midori from YouTube 625 00:26:56,670 --> 00:26:55,180 has asked if there were galaxies at 626 00:26:58,770 --> 00:26:56,680 thirteen billion years ago then there 627 00:27:01,770 --> 00:26:58,780 must have also have been super massive 628 00:27:03,930 --> 00:27:01,780 black holes already hanging around to 629 00:27:05,940 --> 00:27:03,940 organize those galaxies together any 630 00:27:07,770 --> 00:27:05,950 ideas on those supermassive black holes 631 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:07,780 on how those supermassive black holes 632 00:27:12,930 --> 00:27:10,090 might have become so enmeshed in such a 633 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:12,940 relatively short time after the bang now 634 00:27:17,420 --> 00:27:15,490 that's assuming of course that you 635 00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:17,430 Deepthi 636 00:27:24,030 --> 00:27:20,080 that there are these are formed by 637 00:27:28,770 --> 00:27:24,040 supermassive black holes correct so how 638 00:27:33,330 --> 00:27:28,780 do you respond to that are there either 639 00:27:34,950 --> 00:27:33,340 one ID or John anybody I can try if I 640 00:27:36,540 --> 00:27:34,960 got the question correctly first of all 641 00:27:39,510 --> 00:27:36,550 just let me say I'm far from being an 642 00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:39,520 expert on black holes but one of the 643 00:27:44,670 --> 00:27:41,650 theories for forming the the you know 644 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:44,680 the very messy or at least some of the 645 00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:47,410 the black holes the early ones as we 646 00:27:52,290 --> 00:27:50,080 know it this is to my knowledge is that 647 00:27:54,510 --> 00:27:52,300 massive stars explode and then collapse 648 00:27:54,860 --> 00:27:54,520 to form some sort of sort of a black 649 00:27:58,080 --> 00:27:54,870 hole 650 00:28:00,930 --> 00:27:58,090 now the first stars are expected 651 00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:00,940 expected to be much more massive than 652 00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:02,530 the stars that we see today so this 653 00:28:06,390 --> 00:28:04,480 could be one explanation but I think 654 00:28:07,980 --> 00:28:06,400 that there is some flowing the question 655 00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:07,990 in the same in the the question in the 656 00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:10,530 sense that these galaxies are not 657 00:28:14,580 --> 00:28:12,970 similar in shape to the galaxies that we 658 00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:14,590 see today which have a black hole in 659 00:28:19,530 --> 00:28:17,110 their center these galaxies are fuzzy or 660 00:28:21,690 --> 00:28:19,540 very clumpy objects which are not well 661 00:28:23,460 --> 00:28:21,700 organized so we are not even sure if 662 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:23,470 there are black holes in their centers 663 00:28:26,550 --> 00:28:24,970 that's what I was hoping you'd address 664 00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:26,560 because it's not necessarily the case 665 00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:29,410 that black holes are responsible for 666 00:28:36,330 --> 00:28:34,330 their formation at all their question so 667 00:28:39,990 --> 00:28:36,340 when I said the flow it was not against 668 00:28:41,190 --> 00:28:40,000 of course that somebody asking the 669 00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:41,200 question that was a very good question 670 00:28:47,340 --> 00:28:44,050 is just that well what about the second 671 00:28:49,860 --> 00:28:47,350 part of it idea so let's just would 672 00:28:51,150 --> 00:28:49,870 would black holes form relatively soon 673 00:28:53,460 --> 00:28:51,160 after the Big Bang 674 00:28:56,370 --> 00:28:53,470 when they you said these stars are very 675 00:28:58,770 --> 00:28:56,380 massive they shine very brightly they 676 00:29:01,530 --> 00:28:58,780 die after a relatively short period of 677 00:29:04,140 --> 00:29:01,540 time presumably in soup in us I believe 678 00:29:06,930 --> 00:29:04,150 it's in a specific kind of supernova and 679 00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:06,940 so would black holes be forming that 680 00:29:12,390 --> 00:29:10,330 during this time yeah I mean I'll pick 681 00:29:15,540 --> 00:29:12,400 this up I would say this is a wide open 682 00:29:17,930 --> 00:29:15,550 question and an important one and a 683 00:29:21,330 --> 00:29:17,940 really exciting one but one that our 684 00:29:24,270 --> 00:29:21,340 discovery at least can't speak to but 685 00:29:28,590 --> 00:29:24,280 it's something that it's an open problem 686 00:29:31,470 --> 00:29:28,600 open question in in really in how the 687 00:29:33,150 --> 00:29:31,480 early universe evolved so when when you 688 00:29:35,610 --> 00:29:33,160 say supermassive black holes what we're 689 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:35,620 talking about here are black holes at 690 00:29:42,030 --> 00:29:39,250 our millions or even billions times more 691 00:29:46,890 --> 00:29:42,040 massive than our Sun right so for 692 00:29:50,280 --> 00:29:46,900 example like you galaxy is is a about a 693 00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:50,290 four million solar mass black hole but 694 00:29:55,350 --> 00:29:53,080 in but Jesus supermassive black holes 695 00:29:58,080 --> 00:29:55,360 can be even a billion or ten billion 696 00:30:00,480 --> 00:29:58,090 times a massive Sun we do see 697 00:30:03,330 --> 00:30:00,490 supermassive black holes at high 698 00:30:07,350 --> 00:30:03,340 redshift so at redshifts of say six to 699 00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:07,360 seven which is not quite a billion years 700 00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:10,720 after where the object we've discovered 701 00:30:17,850 --> 00:30:14,640 so at some point between the end of the 702 00:30:20,250 --> 00:30:17,860 when galaxy formation began roughly 703 00:30:24,780 --> 00:30:20,260 billion years or so we do know that 704 00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:24,790 super moon now seen but there's no 705 00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:26,410 evidence that there's a supermassive 706 00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:29,290 black hole or that there's any kind of 707 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:31,840 black hole in the the types of objects 708 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:33,610 that we've discovered you know this 709 00:30:37,860 --> 00:30:34,930 discovery we were talking about today 710 00:30:41,150 --> 00:30:37,870 and and others like it so what I meant 711 00:30:44,340 --> 00:30:41,160 by it being an open problem is we 712 00:30:46,350 --> 00:30:44,350 there's a missing link we we know that 713 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:46,360 supermassive black holes appear at some 714 00:30:50,910 --> 00:30:48,250 point later we don't see them where 715 00:30:56,340 --> 00:30:50,920 we're finding them and so it's a 716 00:30:57,990 --> 00:30:56,350 discovery phase and when and how these 717 00:31:00,210 --> 00:30:58,000 supermassive black holes came on the 718 00:31:01,860 --> 00:31:00,220 scene all right thank you very good 719 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:01,870 question Lucas thank you very much we 720 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:05,050 appreciate that all right so 721 00:31:10,230 --> 00:31:06,930 we're talking about a period in time 722 00:31:11,730 --> 00:31:10,240 with you know obviously really really 723 00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:11,740 early in the universe we would not have 724 00:31:18,830 --> 00:31:14,710 seen this galaxy had it not been for the 725 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:18,840 frontier fields there are a lot of 726 00:31:24,420 --> 00:31:23,290 people using this data got you know 727 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:24,430 right away like we had mentioned earlier 728 00:31:28,170 --> 00:31:26,170 in fact this is just one of the many 729 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:28,180 ways in which people where yields 730 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:32,650 frontier fields data so I guess what I 731 00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:37,450 want to ask a little bit about is last 732 00:31:41,310 --> 00:31:39,820 week there was a there was a workshop or 733 00:31:43,740 --> 00:31:41,320 a lot of people got together and they 734 00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:43,750 talked about using this data and things 735 00:31:49,860 --> 00:31:46,450 like that are there other people doing 736 00:31:51,570 --> 00:31:49,870 looking at this for other galaxies like 737 00:31:55,920 --> 00:31:51,580 you guys are or is this primarily your 738 00:31:58,860 --> 00:31:55,930 bailiwick there are many groups that are 739 00:32:00,870 --> 00:31:58,870 looking at this data all of them are 740 00:32:03,780 --> 00:32:00,880 doing a great job people have found 741 00:32:05,270 --> 00:32:03,790 already in the phase cluster the same 742 00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:05,280 cluster that we found the very 743 00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:08,890 rehydrates you know if we sum up all the 744 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:12,510 galaxies that the group would have found 745 00:32:17,250 --> 00:32:15,490 it sums up to a few dozen galaxies at 746 00:32:19,290 --> 00:32:17,260 very high redshift indeed not at a 747 00:32:22,170 --> 00:32:19,300 redshift of 10 but the redshift of 6 to 748 00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:22,180 9 for example so only by looking deep at 749 00:32:28,740 --> 00:32:26,310 one cluster we found dozens of hydrogen 750 00:32:31,430 --> 00:32:28,750 galaxies excited to see what we find 751 00:32:34,590 --> 00:32:31,440 over all six of them stores 752 00:32:36,150 --> 00:32:34,600 so Mike Hill Jobin from the Q&A app is 753 00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:36,160 poking fun amigos Tony you were 754 00:32:45,390 --> 00:32:38,050 channeling Guido Sarducci just a little 755 00:32:48,090 --> 00:32:45,400 I was father Guido Sarducci okay cool 756 00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:48,100 so let's see cecil morgan is asking also 757 00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:50,350 from the Q&A app wouldn't a redshift of 758 00:32:56,910 --> 00:32:53,890 10 take the visible spectrum out of the 759 00:32:59,190 --> 00:32:56,920 range of HSTs detectors meaning that 760 00:33:00,930 --> 00:32:59,200 what we're seeing was emitted in the UV 761 00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:00,940 range is that right and you touched on 762 00:33:06,210 --> 00:33:03,250 this already just a little bit guys but 763 00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:06,220 as Webley was you John that said that 764 00:33:10,950 --> 00:33:07,510 even though we're physically looking at 765 00:33:12,750 --> 00:33:10,960 this thing and it appears red to us if 766 00:33:16,530 --> 00:33:12,760 we were right next to it it will appear 767 00:33:18,570 --> 00:33:16,540 in the UV or visible correct yeah that's 768 00:33:20,730 --> 00:33:18,580 right I think Adi said that but 769 00:33:22,470 --> 00:33:20,740 I'm sorry it was a de I apologize no no 770 00:33:26,580 --> 00:33:22,480 that's fine but yeah that's absolutely 771 00:33:28,980 --> 00:33:26,590 true so what we're actually observing is 772 00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:28,990 light that when it left the galaxy was 773 00:33:32,909 --> 00:33:30,610 in the ultraviolet part of the 774 00:33:35,009 --> 00:33:32,919 electromagnetic spectrum and that light 775 00:33:38,310 --> 00:33:35,019 has lost energy as it has traveled 776 00:33:41,310 --> 00:33:38,320 across the cosmos and so we're receiving 777 00:33:43,409 --> 00:33:41,320 it in a different part of the 778 00:33:49,649 --> 00:33:43,419 electromagnetic spectrum called Amira 779 00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:49,659 red and but it it is within the range 780 00:33:56,070 --> 00:33:52,960 where Hubble has a detector is the Wide 781 00:33:58,830 --> 00:33:56,080 Field Camera 3 as an infrared near Fred 782 00:34:00,779 --> 00:33:58,840 Channel and so we are able to pick up 783 00:34:02,909 --> 00:34:00,789 the light but let's say we wanted to 784 00:34:08,399 --> 00:34:02,919 find galaxies at even higher redshift 785 00:34:11,329 --> 00:34:08,409 say 10 11 12 15 or 20 the that light 786 00:34:15,270 --> 00:34:11,339 would be beyond Hubble's capabilities 787 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:15,280 and so we're I mentioned earlier where 788 00:34:19,169 --> 00:34:17,050 that we're at the edge of what Hubble 789 00:34:21,649 --> 00:34:19,179 can do for being a two and a half metre 790 00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:21,659 telescope tractor-trailer in space 791 00:34:27,149 --> 00:34:24,490 that's part of it the second part is the 792 00:34:29,550 --> 00:34:27,159 fact that the detectors just can't pick 793 00:34:32,339 --> 00:34:29,560 up light that's even further into the 794 00:34:34,619 --> 00:34:32,349 red and for that and this is my segue is 795 00:34:35,730 --> 00:34:34,629 I will have to await the James Webb 796 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:35,740 Space Telescope 797 00:34:38,879 --> 00:34:37,450 that's correct and I've often said you 798 00:34:41,099 --> 00:34:38,889 know the future of astronomy and why I 799 00:34:42,359 --> 00:34:41,109 would I was I had a professor at the 800 00:34:44,070 --> 00:34:42,369 University of Colorado that said this 801 00:34:45,540 --> 00:34:44,080 but I stole it it was like he's always 802 00:34:47,909 --> 00:34:45,550 say the future of astronomy is in the 803 00:34:49,589 --> 00:34:47,919 infrared because of this this is if we 804 00:34:51,629 --> 00:34:49,599 want to look further back if we want to 805 00:34:53,730 --> 00:34:51,639 see these early regions or these early 806 00:34:56,520 --> 00:34:53,740 times in the universe the infrared is 807 00:34:59,460 --> 00:34:56,530 the place to go and now that infrared 808 00:35:01,410 --> 00:34:59,470 detectors have become ubiquitous there 809 00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:01,420 they used to be very difficult to make 810 00:35:05,359 --> 00:35:03,730 now they're all over the place and so as 811 00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:05,369 you mentioned JWST is going to have a 812 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:08,410 even larger wavelength range in the 813 00:35:12,180 --> 00:35:10,210 infrared for don't you mean that the 814 00:35:16,079 --> 00:35:12,190 future and the path for the strong man I 815 00:35:18,030 --> 00:35:16,089 exactly so good question Cecil 816 00:35:21,450 --> 00:35:18,040 appreciated and peda phlox who was not 817 00:35:22,620 --> 00:35:21,460 first this time in a really basic 818 00:35:24,270 --> 00:35:22,630 question and we've touched on this a 819 00:35:27,329 --> 00:35:24,280 little bit but is there some sort of 820 00:35:28,410 --> 00:35:27,339 idea how this galaxy formed I mean these 821 00:35:30,540 --> 00:35:28,420 early galaxies we talked about 822 00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:30,550 supermassive black holes and the weather 823 00:35:32,220 --> 00:35:31,810 it's an open question about whether 824 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:32,230 black 825 00:35:35,490 --> 00:35:34,210 holes were in this period of time how do 826 00:35:38,970 --> 00:35:35,500 these things start clumping up out of 827 00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:38,980 these galaxies start forming who wants 828 00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:41,770 to take that one John I I've been 829 00:35:47,460 --> 00:35:45,310 talking ah yeah go ahead 830 00:35:50,430 --> 00:35:47,470 you dick so any idea how these high-rent 831 00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:50,440 these early galaxies get started what 832 00:35:54,720 --> 00:35:52,210 kind of is there a gravitational bump or 833 00:35:58,500 --> 00:35:54,730 some kind of sub kind that gets them 834 00:36:01,920 --> 00:35:58,510 going what does it take Adi 835 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:01,930 are you there I just thought it was a 836 00:36:06,720 --> 00:36:05,170 better question for John but sure okay 837 00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:06,730 he's pretty tired of talking so we're 838 00:36:15,660 --> 00:36:11,500 gonna ask you to do it about 300,000 839 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:15,670 years after the Big Bang all the very 840 00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:17,890 hot particles started recombining 841 00:36:24,359 --> 00:36:20,850 together and hydrogen was formed again 842 00:36:26,060 --> 00:36:24,369 and then you know it wasn't formed in a 843 00:36:28,230 --> 00:36:26,070 completely uniform way there were some 844 00:36:30,390 --> 00:36:28,240 regions where the density was a bit 845 00:36:32,370 --> 00:36:30,400 higher and where the density was a bit 846 00:36:35,099 --> 00:36:32,380 higher it attracted more and more 847 00:36:37,859 --> 00:36:35,109 hydrogen to that risen region when the 848 00:36:41,430 --> 00:36:37,869 mass was high enough all of that cloud 849 00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:41,440 of gas suddenly collapsed and formed you 850 00:36:45,210 --> 00:36:42,850 know started forming stars 851 00:36:48,359 --> 00:36:45,220 it got fragmented and the density was 852 00:36:51,450 --> 00:36:48,369 high enough that hydrogen began fusing 853 00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:51,460 and basically shining and these are what 854 00:36:56,310 --> 00:36:55,210 we know is stories and those clumps of 855 00:36:59,630 --> 00:36:56,320 stars slowly 856 00:37:02,940 --> 00:36:59,640 coalesced into these galaxies I say 857 00:37:04,950 --> 00:37:02,950 lovely in universal timescales it 858 00:37:06,720 --> 00:37:04,960 actually happened pretty quickly where 859 00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:06,730 these galaxies started forming basically 860 00:37:09,510 --> 00:37:08,050 from these inhomogeneities like you 861 00:37:12,030 --> 00:37:09,520 talked about these little density 862 00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:12,040 fluctuations throughout the universe and 863 00:37:18,930 --> 00:37:16,090 slowly they just started congealing into 864 00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:18,940 these galaxies so yeah the only thing I 865 00:37:24,810 --> 00:37:23,170 would add is that and and probably made 866 00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:24,820 a whole other hangout for this is that 867 00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:27,130 in fact what dominates the gravity in 868 00:37:32,099 --> 00:37:30,340 our universe is is dark matter so what 869 00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:32,109 we actually think has happened is that 870 00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:36,090 this hydrogen and get us falling into a 871 00:37:42,510 --> 00:37:38,950 gravity well made of largely of dark 872 00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:42,520 matter and so the hydrogen is just at 873 00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:44,890 the center of concentration of dark 874 00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:45,450 matter 875 00:37:49,940 --> 00:37:47,610 and as if you describe once the hydrogen 876 00:37:51,620 --> 00:37:49,950 gets dense enough you start making one 877 00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:51,630 star and once you start making one 878 00:37:58,370 --> 00:37:54,330 you're gonna make many that's right and 879 00:38:01,430 --> 00:37:58,380 and and then we were born yay thank you 880 00:38:03,110 --> 00:38:01,440 Patos a good question Michael Jobin is 881 00:38:04,820 --> 00:38:03,120 commenting so just because you don't 882 00:38:10,130 --> 00:38:04,830 find black holes you will someday 883 00:38:12,830 --> 00:38:10,140 perhaps and that is true perhaps my 884 00:38:15,020 --> 00:38:12,840 Daniel Masato from the Q&A app by 885 00:38:16,940 --> 00:38:15,030 observing a photon being gravitationally 886 00:38:19,490 --> 00:38:16,950 lensed around the galaxy are we 887 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:19,500 determining its path billions of years 888 00:38:25,070 --> 00:38:22,290 in the paths in the past sorry like 889 00:38:26,270 --> 00:38:25,080 shown in the double slit experiment and 890 00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:26,280 we talked about this briefly before 891 00:38:31,790 --> 00:38:29,970 you're these gravitational a lens 892 00:38:35,060 --> 00:38:31,800 photons are actually going through a 893 00:38:38,080 --> 00:38:35,070 model that you mathematically created to 894 00:38:40,460 --> 00:38:38,090 sort of describe this a little bit but 895 00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:40,470 can you so are you basically just 896 00:38:45,770 --> 00:38:43,650 tracing it back the path we are tracing 897 00:38:47,570 --> 00:38:45,780 it back but I think that the double slit 898 00:38:49,340 --> 00:38:47,580 may be a bit confusing because what we 899 00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:49,350 see in the double slit experiment is a 900 00:38:53,240 --> 00:38:51,690 quantum effect which is they on a very 901 00:38:55,970 --> 00:38:53,250 small scale here we're talking about 902 00:38:58,180 --> 00:38:55,980 giant structures and basically the 903 00:39:00,380 --> 00:38:58,190 procedure is not some magical 904 00:39:03,790 --> 00:39:00,390 statistical thing as in quantum 905 00:39:06,920 --> 00:39:03,800 mechanics which is beautiful a much more 906 00:39:10,370 --> 00:39:06,930 simple thing so basically light from the 907 00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:10,380 galaxies going in one path is getting 908 00:39:17,090 --> 00:39:13,170 pulled by the cluster and getting if you 909 00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:17,100 want kicked off towards I our direction 910 00:39:21,650 --> 00:39:19,140 so that happens on one side of the 911 00:39:23,180 --> 00:39:21,660 cluster but the same but another light 912 00:39:25,490 --> 00:39:23,190 weight from the big moon galaxy is going 913 00:39:27,740 --> 00:39:25,500 to the other side of the cluster will 914 00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:27,750 experience the same thing this is why we 915 00:39:31,970 --> 00:39:29,520 see it several times so it's not a 916 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:31,980 quantum effect it's just an effect that 917 00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:34,170 the gravity of the cluster distorts 918 00:39:39,170 --> 00:39:36,450 space in a way that stretches these 919 00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:39,180 sidelines towards us that's a really 920 00:39:41,660 --> 00:39:40,410 good question dan you know thank you for 921 00:39:43,850 --> 00:39:41,670 asking and thanks for the clarification 922 00:39:46,820 --> 00:39:43,860 on that - that was a really good 923 00:39:49,340 --> 00:39:46,830 explanation I have a question oh I had a 924 00:39:51,830 --> 00:39:49,350 comment which is that in a did sometimes 925 00:39:54,140 --> 00:39:51,840 there are multiples and sometimes those 926 00:39:56,330 --> 00:39:54,150 multiple images are actually merged into 927 00:39:57,800 --> 00:39:56,340 arc since they are stretched in two arcs 928 00:39:59,180 --> 00:39:57,810 and things like that so that's pretty 929 00:40:03,410 --> 00:39:59,190 interesting too 930 00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:03,420 look at a bill 27:44 and try to find 931 00:40:11,300 --> 00:40:06,240 those things on your own the other the 932 00:40:13,940 --> 00:40:11,310 question I had for our guests is that so 933 00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:13,950 you found this one that's at Z equals 10 934 00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:16,050 but I know you as you mentioned you 935 00:40:21,070 --> 00:40:18,210 found others right so you've looked at 936 00:40:24,740 --> 00:40:21,080 this cluster and you found galaxies at 937 00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:24,750 various redshift have you found like a 938 00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:26,820 certain redshift where there were a lot 939 00:40:34,220 --> 00:40:30,570 and then other rifts found one at Z 940 00:40:36,890 --> 00:40:34,230 equals 10 maybe there are more but at 9 941 00:40:39,950 --> 00:40:36,900 8 7 I know you that you in your paper 942 00:40:41,960 --> 00:40:39,960 you've described finding other multiples 943 00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:41,970 so I was just wondering if they were 944 00:40:47,150 --> 00:40:44,820 clustered in redshift or are they just 945 00:40:50,570 --> 00:40:47,160 kind of all over the map yeah that's a 946 00:40:53,720 --> 00:40:50,580 good question and the answer is that we 947 00:40:56,690 --> 00:40:53,730 do see a redshift dependence so we we do 948 00:40:59,210 --> 00:40:56,700 the we do get more galaxies at closer 949 00:41:01,670 --> 00:40:59,220 distances to us than the very high 950 00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:01,680 reduced ones but this is a combination 951 00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:04,560 of two effects first of all we are when 952 00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:07,410 we look to lower redshifts we are 953 00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:10,560 probing a larger volume behind the 954 00:41:17,660 --> 00:41:12,510 cluster so we expect to see more 955 00:41:19,220 --> 00:41:17,670 galaxies there and also B well that's 956 00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:19,230 the main reason basically they have the 957 00:41:24,470 --> 00:41:21,330 higher you go in redshift basically the 958 00:41:27,290 --> 00:41:24,480 lens the effective area behind the lens 959 00:41:28,460 --> 00:41:27,300 shrinks and shrinks so you are very 960 00:41:30,380 --> 00:41:28,470 susceptible to that and you're not 961 00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:30,390 likely to find many high redshift 962 00:41:35,540 --> 00:41:32,910 objects but we do most of the objects 963 00:41:36,740 --> 00:41:35,550 that we found we now know about almost 964 00:41:38,630 --> 00:41:36,750 200 objects 965 00:41:42,550 --> 00:41:38,640 magnified objects beyond this cluster or 966 00:41:45,620 --> 00:41:42,560 it is 200 images of magnified objects 967 00:41:48,170 --> 00:41:45,630 most of them are thread shift to receive 968 00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:48,180 3 and then it goes down slowly up to 969 00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:52,290 achieve them ok but also let me let me 970 00:41:56,540 --> 00:41:53,910 interject it's actually kind of 971 00:42:01,700 --> 00:41:56,550 interesting because you can ask how many 972 00:42:04,460 --> 00:42:01,710 would we have expected and which perhaps 973 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:04,470 is what you're getting at and I think if 974 00:42:12,650 --> 00:42:09,210 you if you predict how many say redshift 975 00:42:16,430 --> 00:42:12,660 n objects and 9 or 10 objects at 976 00:42:20,329 --> 00:42:16,440 9 or 10 we should have seen then it's 977 00:42:22,670 --> 00:42:20,339 more than one it's it's a handful and 978 00:42:26,240 --> 00:42:22,680 it's uncertain because it's a rough 979 00:42:28,160 --> 00:42:26,250 estimate and so we found one there's 980 00:42:30,829 --> 00:42:28,170 maybe another one that's a possible 981 00:42:34,099 --> 00:42:30,839 candidate and so this is another really 982 00:42:37,990 --> 00:42:34,109 exciting question that we're pursuing 983 00:42:40,660 --> 00:42:38,000 because maybe there are far fewer 984 00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:40,670 galaxies at these very high redshift 985 00:42:46,190 --> 00:42:43,650 than we were anticipating in which case 986 00:42:48,829 --> 00:42:46,200 maybe we really are seeing the beginning 987 00:42:52,210 --> 00:42:48,839 the very beginning of when galaxy 988 00:42:54,980 --> 00:42:52,220 formation really started to ramp up 989 00:42:56,690 --> 00:42:54,990 alternatively maybe it's just this one 990 00:42:59,270 --> 00:42:56,700 cluster the fact that we've only looked 991 00:43:01,339 --> 00:42:59,280 at one cluster and this is one of the 992 00:43:03,829 --> 00:43:01,349 great strengths of the Hubble frontier 993 00:43:06,140 --> 00:43:03,839 field is we're not putting our eggs into 994 00:43:08,150 --> 00:43:06,150 a single basket we're looking at 995 00:43:10,730 --> 00:43:08,160 hopefully ultimately six different 996 00:43:13,579 --> 00:43:10,740 clusters right if they all tell the same 997 00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:13,589 story then we can be confident that we 998 00:43:19,339 --> 00:43:15,510 really are seeing the beginning of the 999 00:43:23,240 --> 00:43:19,349 build-up and but that'll come out in the 1000 00:43:26,150 --> 00:43:23,250 next year RN - yeah that's a good ask 1001 00:43:27,799 --> 00:43:26,160 Carol about that so the the frontier 1002 00:43:30,079 --> 00:43:27,809 fields is going to continue gathering 1003 00:43:32,920 --> 00:43:30,089 observations for roughly how long do we 1004 00:43:35,359 --> 00:43:32,930 know the entire period is through the 1005 00:43:38,299 --> 00:43:35,369 allocation of time is for three years so 1006 00:43:40,460 --> 00:43:38,309 it's roughly it it roughly takes a year 1007 00:43:43,160 --> 00:43:40,470 to do two clusters because there are 1008 00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:43,170 many many observations and also the 1009 00:43:47,450 --> 00:43:44,970 nature of getting both the advanced 1010 00:43:51,140 --> 00:43:47,460 camera for surveys and getting the Wide 1011 00:43:53,059 --> 00:43:51,150 Field Camera 3 that's yes and so that 1012 00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:53,069 takes the better part of a year to do 1013 00:43:58,849 --> 00:43:56,880 two clusters so they just just begun a 1014 00:44:01,039 --> 00:43:58,859 couple other clusters and there is new 1015 00:44:03,799 --> 00:44:01,049 data coming in a substantial amount of 1016 00:44:06,769 --> 00:44:03,809 new data coming in on a third cluster 1017 00:44:08,720 --> 00:44:06,779 and actually this is all on the webpage 1018 00:44:11,450 --> 00:44:08,730 you can just google frontier fields you 1019 00:44:14,569 --> 00:44:11,460 can see what the allocation is of when 1020 00:44:16,849 --> 00:44:14,579 the data is going to be observed what 1021 00:44:18,549 --> 00:44:16,859 data has been released all the papers 1022 00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:18,559 that have been written about these 1023 00:44:25,580 --> 00:44:22,890 clusters and so it will take another two 1024 00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:25,590 years or so - one and a half 1025 00:44:30,820 --> 00:44:28,770 years - to complete all six right and 1026 00:44:33,500 --> 00:44:30,830 what's gonna head over to the blog - 1027 00:44:36,170 --> 00:44:33,510 there is a blog as well yeah which is 1028 00:44:37,850 --> 00:44:36,180 accessible off of the main frontier 1029 00:44:39,530 --> 00:44:37,860 fields I'm sorry 1030 00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:39,540 thank you Scott yeah that's the frontier 1031 00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:41,130 fields org so you can definitely head 1032 00:44:45,740 --> 00:44:43,190 over there we're posting on that 1033 00:44:47,410 --> 00:44:45,750 regularly as we can and also there's 1034 00:44:51,290 --> 00:44:47,420 also there's also a really nice 1035 00:44:53,660 --> 00:44:51,300 scheduler or a chart showing where fluid 1036 00:44:56,630 --> 00:44:53,670 frontier fields is on the in there 1037 00:45:00,770 --> 00:44:56,640 observing program on the stsci dot edu 1038 00:45:02,270 --> 00:45:00,780 slash HS tff page and you'll be able to 1039 00:45:04,850 --> 00:45:02,280 kind of track the progress but i wanted 1040 00:45:06,350 --> 00:45:04,860 to give people kind of a sense of you 1041 00:45:10,490 --> 00:45:06,360 know the timelines that john was talking 1042 00:45:12,470 --> 00:45:10,500 about there that john makes this is an 1043 00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:12,480 important one we've all read always said 1044 00:45:17,060 --> 00:45:14,130 that about the Hubble Deep fields is 1045 00:45:21,230 --> 00:45:17,070 that these are tiny real regions of the 1046 00:45:25,190 --> 00:45:21,240 sky and a little tiny area of the of the 1047 00:45:29,480 --> 00:45:25,200 universe and so in order to confirm and 1048 00:45:32,900 --> 00:45:29,490 and quantify these results you need to 1049 00:45:35,660 --> 00:45:32,910 look at several different places and so 1050 00:45:39,020 --> 00:45:35,670 we needed several different clusters the 1051 00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:39,030 reserve Michael Joe Vinay apparently I 1052 00:45:43,850 --> 00:45:41,130 messed up your comment it was actually a 1053 00:45:45,470 --> 00:45:43,860 question the 100 block I didn't see a 1054 00:45:47,570 --> 00:45:45,480 question mark so I read it as a comment 1055 00:45:50,360 --> 00:45:47,580 but it's yeah we did talk about that 1056 00:45:51,710 --> 00:45:50,370 early in the hangout these these 1057 00:45:52,820 --> 00:45:51,720 supermassive black holes in the early 1058 00:45:55,760 --> 00:45:52,830 universe are sort of an open question 1059 00:45:58,130 --> 00:45:55,770 but yes it is I believe something that 1060 00:45:59,450 --> 00:45:58,140 hopefully can be observed going forward 1061 00:46:04,970 --> 00:45:59,460 I'm sorry I didn't read it as a question 1062 00:46:06,260 --> 00:46:04,980 so forgive me on that so I D you it says 1063 00:46:09,440 --> 00:46:06,270 on your little thing there that you're a 1064 00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:09,450 Hubble fellow yes what is that 1065 00:46:15,530 --> 00:46:12,090 what's a Hubble fellow I just to explain 1066 00:46:17,480 --> 00:46:15,540 in a second I just urge to just say one 1067 00:46:19,990 --> 00:46:17,490 more thing about the galaxy okay fair 1068 00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:20,000 enough by all means I think we didn't 1069 00:46:25,940 --> 00:46:23,010 mention that currently to date we only 1070 00:46:29,270 --> 00:46:25,950 know of about a dozen redshift N or 1071 00:46:31,850 --> 00:46:29,280 about candidates so clearly one it and 1072 00:46:34,670 --> 00:46:31,860 each another one that we think we detect 1073 00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:34,680 is a big deal is a great thing but the 1074 00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:36,480 special thing about this one is that 1075 00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:39,210 it's much increasingly fainter 1076 00:46:44,150 --> 00:46:42,450 than all of the other candidates we 1077 00:46:47,150 --> 00:46:44,160 chose again the power of the frontier 1078 00:46:49,130 --> 00:46:47,160 fields and of lensing to really see the 1079 00:46:50,870 --> 00:46:49,140 fainter and fainter galaxies in the 1080 00:46:53,270 --> 00:46:50,880 early universe because we expect that 1081 00:46:53,990 --> 00:46:53,280 most of them are much fainter than this 1082 00:46:56,660 --> 00:46:54,000 one again 1083 00:46:58,910 --> 00:46:56,670 Wow so even even more hopefully you'll 1084 00:47:00,740 --> 00:46:58,920 be able to get even more fainter ones as 1085 00:47:02,930 --> 00:47:00,750 observations we put together so that's 1086 00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:02,940 great that way and I will be happy to 1087 00:47:05,810 --> 00:47:04,110 answer your question thank you 1088 00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:05,820 yes I want to know what a Hubble fellow 1089 00:47:09,770 --> 00:47:07,710 is I want to become want to be known as 1090 00:47:11,060 --> 00:47:09,780 that I'm a Hubble I I'm a Hubble hugger 1091 00:47:13,280 --> 00:47:11,070 but I don't think that's the same thing 1092 00:47:16,130 --> 00:47:13,290 okay I guess not 1093 00:47:18,620 --> 00:47:16,140 so basically after you know we 1094 00:47:21,980 --> 00:47:18,630 astronomers do our PhD we are looking 1095 00:47:23,990 --> 00:47:21,990 for a postdoc position which is 1096 00:47:27,080 --> 00:47:24,000 basically doing some kind of internship 1097 00:47:31,040 --> 00:47:27,090 in our field doing our own research 1098 00:47:33,830 --> 00:47:31,050 usually with a very distinguished 1099 00:47:38,330 --> 00:47:33,840 professor for example so I did my first 1100 00:47:40,070 --> 00:47:38,340 postdoc in Germany and then I worked 1101 00:47:41,720 --> 00:47:40,080 mainly with the Hubble data again 1102 00:47:44,390 --> 00:47:41,730 looking for higher chief galaxies but 1103 00:47:46,190 --> 00:47:44,400 mainly doing lensing and constructing 1104 00:47:48,020 --> 00:47:46,200 lens models and I applied for a 1105 00:47:51,380 --> 00:47:48,030 fellowship which means that you will not 1106 00:47:53,990 --> 00:47:51,390 be working under our professor but more 1107 00:47:59,090 --> 00:47:54,000 freely to do whatever you want basically 1108 00:48:01,580 --> 00:47:59,100 but hopefully using Hubble data and I'm 1109 00:48:05,770 --> 00:48:01,590 happy that I've got it and then take 1110 00:48:08,090 --> 00:48:05,780 Caltech it's a three-year term basically 1111 00:48:10,460 --> 00:48:08,100 just a salary you know to do your own 1112 00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:10,470 research with Hubble and explore the 1113 00:48:13,880 --> 00:48:13,050 things that you want to explore well it 1114 00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:13,890 sounds like you've got a bright future 1115 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:15,450 ahead of you that's a great way to get 1116 00:48:20,570 --> 00:48:17,690 started 1117 00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:20,580 awesome okay so thanks for thanks for 1118 00:48:24,260 --> 00:48:21,690 that I just wanted to give people a 1119 00:48:26,390 --> 00:48:24,270 little little insight into some of the 1120 00:48:28,430 --> 00:48:26,400 career paths astronomers take a little 1121 00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:28,440 bit now maybe I'll get back to that in a 1122 00:48:32,090 --> 00:48:29,880 minute but I have a good question here 1123 00:48:34,820 --> 00:48:32,100 from Cecil Morgan again it goes does the 1124 00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:34,830 math does the magnification effect apply 1125 00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:38,310 uniformly across the entire en spectrum 1126 00:48:45,080 --> 00:48:41,810 that's kind of good so what can you can 1127 00:48:47,120 --> 00:48:45,090 is all radiation can it be lens yes 1128 00:48:49,370 --> 00:48:47,130 that's a great question and that's one 1129 00:48:52,460 --> 00:48:49,380 of the amazing properties of lensing 1130 00:48:54,530 --> 00:48:52,470 that it's not susceptible to the wave 1131 00:48:57,140 --> 00:48:54,540 or the color so all the colors all the 1132 00:48:58,730 --> 00:48:57,150 wavelengths no matter where you are in 1133 00:49:00,470 --> 00:48:58,740 the electromagnetic spectrum they are 1134 00:49:03,020 --> 00:49:00,480 all being lens D in the same manner 1135 00:49:05,839 --> 00:49:03,030 I'm really good as a follow-up he he's 1136 00:49:08,990 --> 00:49:05,849 asking would it be useful to point Alma 1137 00:49:11,870 --> 00:49:09,000 at it Alma is the Atacama what is it I 1138 00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:11,880 become a large malaria ray yeah it's 1139 00:49:16,430 --> 00:49:15,090 this big radio telescope high in the 1140 00:49:19,160 --> 00:49:16,440 Chilean mountains and it's got a very 1141 00:49:22,520 --> 00:49:19,170 high resolution would be useful to point 1142 00:49:24,650 --> 00:49:22,530 only at something like this I it's a 1143 00:49:27,470 --> 00:49:24,660 great idea you've got a first ask 1144 00:49:28,880 --> 00:49:27,480 whether it's observable by Alma and in 1145 00:49:29,750 --> 00:49:28,890 fact that's what I was doing while we 1146 00:49:32,990 --> 00:49:29,760 were talking there 1147 00:49:35,510 --> 00:49:33,000 I am indeed a bell 27:44 is in the 1148 00:49:40,030 --> 00:49:35,520 southern hemisphere and so you could in 1149 00:49:42,470 --> 00:49:40,040 principle point Alma at this object but 1150 00:49:45,050 --> 00:49:42,480 unfortunately even though Alma is very 1151 00:49:47,450 --> 00:49:45,060 much state of the art and the most 1152 00:49:50,810 --> 00:49:47,460 powerful radio telescope millimetre 1153 00:49:54,589 --> 00:49:50,820 radio telescope ever constructed this 1154 00:49:57,130 --> 00:49:54,599 object is so distant and so faint that I 1155 00:50:00,620 --> 00:49:57,140 I think it's beyond its capabilities 1156 00:50:03,109 --> 00:50:00,630 there have been some detections so what 1157 00:50:07,099 --> 00:50:03,119 Alma allows you to probe is the gas in a 1158 00:50:10,460 --> 00:50:07,109 galaxy and it was used to try to observe 1159 00:50:13,120 --> 00:50:10,470 an object at a redshift of about six six 1160 00:50:16,490 --> 00:50:13,130 and a half and it was detected was a 1161 00:50:19,520 --> 00:50:16,500 lens a galaxy and it was in fact 1162 00:50:22,579 --> 00:50:19,530 detected there was another object at a 1163 00:50:24,770 --> 00:50:22,589 redshift of nine that we discovered in 1164 00:50:26,960 --> 00:50:24,780 another cluster field predating the 1165 00:50:29,599 --> 00:50:26,970 Hubble frontier field and that was an 1166 00:50:33,290 --> 00:50:29,609 upper limit in other words it wasn't 1167 00:50:36,079 --> 00:50:33,300 actually detected so so it's great idea 1168 00:50:38,150 --> 00:50:36,089 and it's as astronomers we're always 1169 00:50:40,250 --> 00:50:38,160 data starved and we'll take whatever 1170 00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:40,260 data we can get but we're also limited 1171 00:50:45,079 --> 00:50:42,450 by the you know the size telescopes that 1172 00:50:46,640 --> 00:50:45,089 were able to build okay and I want to 1173 00:50:48,140 --> 00:50:46,650 follow up with one more he think he had 1174 00:50:49,820 --> 00:50:48,150 three in this little one here and I like 1175 00:50:51,260 --> 00:50:49,830 this last one too because let's talk 1176 00:50:53,930 --> 00:50:51,270 about j-dub you see just a little bit 1177 00:50:56,930 --> 00:50:53,940 how does this magnified image compared 1178 00:50:58,339 --> 00:50:56,940 to what's expected of normal JWST images 1179 00:50:59,359 --> 00:50:58,349 so this is this we were able to get 1180 00:51:02,060 --> 00:50:59,369 because of the help of this 1181 00:51:03,829 --> 00:51:02,070 gravitational lens we're gonna be seeing 1182 00:51:05,480 --> 00:51:03,839 more of these smudges and JWST does 1183 00:51:05,979 --> 00:51:05,490 anybody want to speculate what we might 1184 00:51:08,660 --> 00:51:05,989 see 1185 00:51:12,609 --> 00:51:08,670 so the expectation is that we are going 1186 00:51:15,410 --> 00:51:12,619 to see we JW's to about two or three 1187 00:51:17,180 --> 00:51:15,420 magnitudes fainter which means that 1188 00:51:20,329 --> 00:51:17,190 we're going to see many more objects 1189 00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:20,339 these red shifts and higher because 1190 00:51:24,920 --> 00:51:22,410 they're primarily it's got it's got a 1191 00:51:26,599 --> 00:51:24,930 much larger primary mirror you'll be 1192 00:51:29,630 --> 00:51:26,609 able to see way too much light higher 1193 00:51:32,509 --> 00:51:29,640 resolution and also the detectors have a 1194 00:51:33,859 --> 00:51:32,519 wider infrared wavelength right so good 1195 00:51:37,699 --> 00:51:33,869 thank you see so those rules were 1196 00:51:39,469 --> 00:51:37,709 excellent questions and let's see beta 1197 00:51:41,779 --> 00:51:39,479 flux is going this is not a question but 1198 00:51:44,150 --> 00:51:41,789 I think there has to be a supermassive 1199 00:51:45,920 --> 00:51:44,160 black hole for stars to clump together I 1200 00:51:47,779 --> 00:51:45,930 also think the supermassive black holes 1201 00:51:50,630 --> 00:51:47,789 produce super powerful magnetic field 1202 00:51:52,809 --> 00:51:50,640 lines similar to the Suns Parker spirals 1203 00:51:56,630 --> 00:51:52,819 which in turn pushes the gas together 1204 00:51:59,239 --> 00:51:56,640 triggering star birth so he's saying 1205 00:52:01,789 --> 00:51:59,249 that pretty much has to be in order for 1206 00:52:03,499 --> 00:52:01,799 these things to form Thank You peda well 1207 00:52:05,329 --> 00:52:03,509 though we're starting to see that these 1208 00:52:09,469 --> 00:52:05,339 we you know you can get aids early 1209 00:52:12,680 --> 00:52:09,479 galaxies without those without those 1210 00:52:14,870 --> 00:52:12,690 things so okay so Scott how am i doing 1211 00:52:17,299 --> 00:52:14,880 did i did i miss to be doing great i 1212 00:52:18,859 --> 00:52:17,309 think of everything else and some of the 1213 00:52:21,829 --> 00:52:18,869 things are on twitter were actually 1214 00:52:23,630 --> 00:52:21,839 answer down there so okay well thank you 1215 00:52:25,009 --> 00:52:23,640 guys for for being active on twitter i 1216 00:52:27,439 --> 00:52:25,019 appreciate i look at all this hubble 1217 00:52:31,370 --> 00:52:27,449 hangouts that's great so thank you guys 1218 00:52:34,519 --> 00:52:31,380 for for for doing that I think what oh 1219 00:52:38,539 --> 00:52:34,529 oh hold on there's another one here beta 1220 00:52:42,170 --> 00:52:38,549 fluxes what are the equations behind 1221 00:52:44,559 --> 00:52:42,180 your shoulder Adi is that your is that 1222 00:52:49,910 --> 00:52:44,569 your latest paper your latest paper 1223 00:52:54,939 --> 00:52:49,920 let's not get them scooped now looks 1224 00:52:57,739 --> 00:52:54,949 like chicken scratch are you muted Adi 1225 00:53:01,430 --> 00:52:57,749 it's just some flux calibration nothing 1226 00:53:02,719 --> 00:53:01,440 special okay okay I thought you were 1227 00:53:07,279 --> 00:53:02,729 building a TARDIS back there or 1228 00:53:10,039 --> 00:53:07,289 something like that so John you're a 1229 00:53:12,170 --> 00:53:10,049 professor at Siena College and you said 1230 00:53:14,029 --> 00:53:12,180 it's a it's a small liberal arts school 1231 00:53:17,719 --> 00:53:14,039 did you say yeah that's right 1232 00:53:19,120 --> 00:53:17,729 so what advice do you have for people 1233 00:53:22,240 --> 00:53:19,130 looking to go into it 1234 00:53:24,460 --> 00:53:22,250 as a career what what let's say you 1235 00:53:25,480 --> 00:53:24,470 wanted to they're thinking about doing 1236 00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:25,490 it would you have anything you'd say to 1237 00:53:31,720 --> 00:53:28,310 these two young people yeah let's see so 1238 00:53:34,870 --> 00:53:31,730 I think the most important thing is just 1239 00:53:36,610 --> 00:53:34,880 to be curious innately curious and 1240 00:53:39,550 --> 00:53:36,620 interested in learning about the world 1241 00:53:42,300 --> 00:53:39,560 around you another common question I get 1242 00:53:45,160 --> 00:53:42,310 it doesn't matter what you do in college 1243 00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:45,170 if you're interested ultimately in 1244 00:53:51,520 --> 00:53:48,710 astronomy it's a career or as a path 1245 00:53:53,380 --> 00:53:51,530 that you want to take it's not as 1246 00:53:56,140 --> 00:53:53,390 important that you get an undergraduate 1247 00:53:58,000 --> 00:53:56,150 astronomy education a certainly a 1248 00:54:00,730 --> 00:53:58,010 physics education is something you want 1249 00:54:03,340 --> 00:54:00,740 to you want to have a solid grounding in 1250 00:54:06,820 --> 00:54:03,350 but I many my friends and colleagues 1251 00:54:09,970 --> 00:54:06,830 have were physics as in college and then 1252 00:54:12,820 --> 00:54:09,980 did astronomy in graduate school but if 1253 00:54:16,150 --> 00:54:12,830 you are serious about astronomy as an 1254 00:54:18,460 --> 00:54:16,160 actual career you do need to and will 1255 00:54:21,220 --> 00:54:18,470 want to get your doctorate your PhD 1256 00:54:25,030 --> 00:54:21,230 which is a long grueling process but 1257 00:54:28,090 --> 00:54:25,040 also they're rewarding another path that 1258 00:54:30,850 --> 00:54:28,100 we many of our students here at Siana 1259 00:54:33,610 --> 00:54:30,860 college take is - we have a minor in 1260 00:54:36,280 --> 00:54:33,620 astrophysics and so students will major 1261 00:54:38,260 --> 00:54:36,290 in physics minor in astrophysics maybe 1262 00:54:42,070 --> 00:54:38,270 go on and get their masters in astronomy 1263 00:54:43,570 --> 00:54:42,080 and then become educators and do you 1264 00:54:45,370 --> 00:54:43,580 know make possible the kinds of things 1265 00:54:48,130 --> 00:54:45,380 that you guys do which is bringing 1266 00:54:51,760 --> 00:54:48,140 science and science education to to the 1267 00:54:54,460 --> 00:54:51,770 greater public but in terms of the 1268 00:54:57,640 --> 00:54:54,470 academic track after as addy said after 1269 00:55:00,310 --> 00:54:57,650 graduate school you're in for like one 1270 00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:00,320 or two postdoctoral fellowships within 1271 00:55:05,890 --> 00:55:03,410 three years and and I've been lucky 1272 00:55:07,630 --> 00:55:05,900 enough to to have this faculty position 1273 00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:07,640 here at Siena I've been here this was 1274 00:55:13,180 --> 00:55:10,310 start of my third year and it's a great 1275 00:55:14,860 --> 00:55:13,190 place with fantastic students so you 1276 00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:14,870 know you're in high school and you want 1277 00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:15,410 to come visit 1278 00:55:28,030 --> 00:55:25,600 good job good job one more question and 1279 00:55:29,770 --> 00:55:28,040 they were gonna have to go Daniel Masada 1280 00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:29,780 was asking if the universe was old 1281 00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:32,210 enough would we eventually see something 1282 00:55:36,190 --> 00:55:32,810 past 1283 00:55:38,050 --> 00:55:36,200 redshifted like microwave shifted and I 1284 00:55:39,280 --> 00:55:38,060 understand this properly I guess you 1285 00:55:40,750 --> 00:55:39,290 know for example the microwave 1286 00:55:44,860 --> 00:55:40,760 background radiation that we see is 1287 00:55:46,390 --> 00:55:44,870 basically the redshifted remnants of the 1288 00:55:49,150 --> 00:55:46,400 radiation from the Big Bang itself 1289 00:55:51,610 --> 00:55:49,160 correct so if so what happens when it 1290 00:55:57,310 --> 00:55:51,620 gets older well it will it go past the 1291 00:55:57,580 --> 00:55:57,320 microwave yeah I mean I can I can answer 1292 00:56:00,820 --> 00:55:57,590 that 1293 00:56:02,920 --> 00:56:00,830 going back to my auditorium analogy so 1294 00:56:04,690 --> 00:56:02,930 as you look further and further back the 1295 00:56:06,970 --> 00:56:04,700 individuals in the audience get younger 1296 00:56:08,560 --> 00:56:06,980 and younger but then way back in the 1297 00:56:10,690 --> 00:56:08,570 back of the auditorium what you would 1298 00:56:14,260 --> 00:56:10,700 see is this faint glow and that's the 1299 00:56:18,160 --> 00:56:14,270 Cosmic Microwave Background this thermal 1300 00:56:20,170 --> 00:56:18,170 relic of the Big Bang and the you can 1301 00:56:21,790 --> 00:56:20,180 measure you can actually predict the 1302 00:56:23,950 --> 00:56:21,800 redshift of the Cosmic Microwave 1303 00:56:28,300 --> 00:56:23,960 Background and it's at a redshift of 1304 00:56:30,520 --> 00:56:28,310 about 1100 or about a thousand but we 1305 00:56:34,900 --> 00:56:30,530 really can't see beyond that it's like 1306 00:56:37,780 --> 00:56:34,910 an opaque screen beyond which pass that 1307 00:56:39,580 --> 00:56:37,790 photons never light never traveled in a 1308 00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:39,590 straight line and so we'll never be able 1309 00:56:48,370 --> 00:56:44,410 to see with light beyond that beyond the 1310 00:56:50,380 --> 00:56:48,380 surface that surface is the furthest 1311 00:56:52,990 --> 00:56:50,390 back we can see it but it's also it as 1312 00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:53,000 the universe is expanding is also still 1313 00:56:57,430 --> 00:56:54,410 shifting back so that's a good question 1314 00:56:59,170 --> 00:56:57,440 on Daniel appreciate that okay guys I 1315 00:57:01,570 --> 00:56:59,180 guess we'll stop there we're at about an 1316 00:57:03,190 --> 00:57:01,580 hour thank you this was really great 1317 00:57:04,990 --> 00:57:03,200 this was really exciting thanks to both 1318 00:57:06,640 --> 00:57:05,000 of you Adi and John of her for being on 1319 00:57:08,380 --> 00:57:06,650 our hangout and talking to us about 1320 00:57:10,150 --> 00:57:08,390 distant galaxies we'll hope you'll come 1321 00:57:12,550 --> 00:57:10,160 back when you get more galaxies 1322 00:57:14,590 --> 00:57:12,560 discovered sure thank you all for 1323 00:57:16,540 --> 00:57:14,600 organizing these and all the viewers for 1324 00:57:18,180 --> 00:57:16,550 asking great questions thanks a lot 1325 00:57:20,440 --> 00:57:18,190 yeah thanks for this great opportunity 1326 00:57:23,470 --> 00:57:20,450 all right well thank you both and we'll 1327 00:57:26,080 --> 00:57:23,480 all right we looking for Carol and I to 1328 00:57:28,120 --> 00:57:26,090 contact you on on maybe doing some more 1329 00:57:29,920 --> 00:57:28,130 of these so thank you very much 1330 00:57:32,770 --> 00:57:29,930 I guess that's it for this this 1331 00:57:34,540 --> 00:57:32,780 go-around guys next week we're gonna be 1332 00:57:36,790 --> 00:57:34,550 skipping because of the Thanksgiving 1333 00:57:38,680 --> 00:57:36,800 holiday here in the United States so we 1334 00:57:41,950 --> 00:57:38,690 will not have a hangout next week but 1335 00:57:44,860 --> 00:57:41,960 the week after that the in two weeks we 1336 00:57:46,130 --> 00:57:44,870 will be back well hopefully with John 1337 00:57:48,559 --> 00:57:46,140 Davis and 1338 00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:48,569 a colleague to talk about debris disks 1339 00:57:53,420 --> 00:57:51,210 around stars and apparently there's a 1340 00:57:55,670 --> 00:57:53,430 difference between a debris disc and a 1341 00:57:57,740 --> 00:57:55,680 dust disc and a protoplanetary disc 1342 00:57:58,789 --> 00:57:57,750 those all have different reading no 1343 00:58:00,650 --> 00:57:58,799 those are they're all different they're 1344 00:58:02,210 --> 00:58:00,660 not the same so be careful what you call 1345 00:58:06,519 --> 00:58:02,220 them we're gonna be talking about debris 1346 00:58:09,589 --> 00:58:06,529 disks in two weeks right Carol yep okay 1347 00:58:11,019 --> 00:58:09,599 Scott awesome thank good driving I 1348 00:58:13,849 --> 00:58:11,029 appreciate that 1349 00:58:16,490 --> 00:58:13,859 absolutely all right everybody well